Someone asked me how to modify a column of a Materialized View, e.g. from varchar2(20) to varchar2(25), or something similar. Drop and recreate? Not an option. We are talking about a several hundred GB MV with a very complex query that will take days to complete.
Problem
Problem
When you alter a materialized view to add a column or modify a column definition, unfortunately there is no command functionally equivalent to ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW … ADD COLUMN. The only way to alter an MV is to completely drop and recreate it with the alteration. That approach may be acceptable for small MVs; but for larger MVs the cost of rebuilding can make the process quite infeasible. In addition to the time it will take to rebuild the entire MV (which could be days, depending on the size), the redo/undo generation and the surge in logical I/O due to the MV query may seriously affect the performance of the source database. In some cases, large MVs may even fail to be rebuilt as sometimes the undo segments may not have the undo information for long running queries – causing ORA-1555 errors.
So is there a better approach? Yes, there is. In this document I am going to explain a better approach for creating an MV that makes the alterations possible without rebuilding the MV – a task accomplished in mere seconds as opposed to potentially days.
Concept of Segments
Segments are stored units in Oracle. So, a table has a segment; not a view – since the contents of the view are not stored; only the view definition is. A Materialized View, however, stores the contents; so it is a segment.
Actually, the concept of segment goes a little bit further. If the table is partitioned, then each partition is a different segment. So, the relationship between tables and segments is one-to-many.
When you create an object that needs storage, such as a table, an MV or an index, Oracle first creates the corresponding segment. Once that is complete, the segment is shrouded by the cover of the object. The segment still continue to exist; but is now connected to the object. Until the segment is completely created and populated, the object technically does not exist. The segment may, in some cases, have a different name from the object. If the segment creation (or population) fails, Oracle automatically cleans up the remnants of the failed segment; but sometimes it may not be, leaving behind the chards that are eventually cleaned up by SMON process.
MVs and Segments
Anyway, how is this discussion about segments relevant to our objective here –the fast alteration of MViews?
Plenty. Remember, MVs are nothing but tables behind the covers? Property-wise, MVs and tables are like sisters, not even cousins. You can think of MVs are regular tables with some built in intelligence about how they were created (the defining query), how often they should be refreshed automatically by a job and how queries should be transformed to take advantage of the presence of the MVs. But apart from that, there is not much difference. You can directly insert into an MV, create indexes and so on. As far as a segment is concerned, there is no difference between an MV and a table. In fact Oracle stores the segment as a table:
SQL> select SEGMENT_TYPE
2 from user_segments
3 where SEGMENT_NAME = 'MV1';
SEGMENT_TYPE
------------------
TABLE
However, the biggest difference is the very issue we are discussing – you can’t add/modify columns of an MV while you can do that freely for a table. If I could attempt to logically represent tables and MVs, here is how it would look like.
So is there a better approach? Yes, there is. In this document I am going to explain a better approach for creating an MV that makes the alterations possible without rebuilding the MV – a task accomplished in mere seconds as opposed to potentially days.
Concept of Segments
Segments are stored units in Oracle. So, a table has a segment; not a view – since the contents of the view are not stored; only the view definition is. A Materialized View, however, stores the contents; so it is a segment.
Actually, the concept of segment goes a little bit further. If the table is partitioned, then each partition is a different segment. So, the relationship between tables and segments is one-to-many.
When you create an object that needs storage, such as a table, an MV or an index, Oracle first creates the corresponding segment. Once that is complete, the segment is shrouded by the cover of the object. The segment still continue to exist; but is now connected to the object. Until the segment is completely created and populated, the object technically does not exist. The segment may, in some cases, have a different name from the object. If the segment creation (or population) fails, Oracle automatically cleans up the remnants of the failed segment; but sometimes it may not be, leaving behind the chards that are eventually cleaned up by SMON process.
MVs and Segments
Anyway, how is this discussion about segments relevant to our objective here –the fast alteration of MViews?
Plenty. Remember, MVs are nothing but tables behind the covers? Property-wise, MVs and tables are like sisters, not even cousins. You can think of MVs are regular tables with some built in intelligence about how they were created (the defining query), how often they should be refreshed automatically by a job and how queries should be transformed to take advantage of the presence of the MVs. But apart from that, there is not much difference. You can directly insert into an MV, create indexes and so on. As far as a segment is concerned, there is no difference between an MV and a table. In fact Oracle stores the segment as a table:
SQL> select SEGMENT_TYPE
2 from user_segments
3 where SEGMENT_NAME = 'MV1';
SEGMENT_TYPE
------------------
TABLE
However, the biggest difference is the very issue we are discussing – you can’t add/modify columns of an MV while you can do that freely for a table. If I could attempt to logically represent tables and MVs, here is how it would look like.
The segment is the same. If it was created as an MV, the properties of MV take over the segment. If it was created as a table, the properties of a table take over the control.
Prebuilt Table
Since under the covers the segment is the same for both MV and table, can’t you take advantage of the fact? Suppose you have a table and you now want to convert that to an MV. In other words, you want to repoint that arrow initially pointed at the table to the MV properties:
Can you do it? Yes, of course you can. Since at the segment level it is the same, Oracle allows you to do it. When you create an MV, you can use a special clause ON PREBUILT TABLE. Here is how you create a MV in the regular approach:
create materialized view mv1
never refresh as
select cast(count (1) as number(10)) cnt from t1;
If you check the objects created:
SQL> select object_id, data_object_id, object_type
2 from user_objects
3 where object_name = 'MV1';
OBJECT_ID DATA_OBJECT_ID OBJECT_TYPE
---------- -------------- -------------------
74842 74842 TABLE
74843 MATERIALIZED VIEW
So, it creates two objects – a table and an MV - anyway. Note a very important difference though: the DATA_OBJECT_ID for the MV object is null. If you drop the MV and check for the objects:
SQL> drop materialized view mv1;
Materialized View dropped.
SQL> select object_id, data_object_id, object_type
2 from user_objects
3 where object_name = 'MV1';
no rows selected
Even though there were two objects – a table and an MV, when you dropped the MV, both were dropped. The table object didn’t have an independent existence. Dropping the MV drops the table automatically.
Now, in the modified approach, you first create the table in the same name as the MV you are going to create:
SQL> create table mv1 (cnt number(10));
Next you create the MV by adding a new clause called ON PREBUILT TABLE shown below:
create materialized view mv1
on prebuilt table
never refresh
as
select cast(count (1) as number(10)) cnt from t1;
Now there will be two objects as well – one table and one MV. The MV simply took over the command over the segment but since the table already existed, it did not recreate the table object. So there are still only 2 objects.
One concern: since you created the table manually, can you accidentally drop it? Let’s see:
SQL> drop table mv1;
drop table mv1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12083: must use DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW to drop "ARUP"."MV1"
That answers it. The table simply loses its independent existence. However, see what happens when you drop the MV:
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1;
Materialized view dropped.
Now check the segment:
SQL> select segment_type
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name = 'MV1';
SEGMENT_TYPE
------------------
TABLE
The segment still exists! When you dropped the MV, the segment was not dropped; it simply reverted to being a table. You can confirm that by checking the objects view:
OBJECT_ID DATA_OBJECT_ID OBJECT_TYPE
---------- -------------- -------------------
77432 77432 TABLE
Voila! The object still exists as a table. Previously you saw dropping the MV removed all the objects and the segment. However, in this approach the segment was preserved. Since it reverted to a table, you can do all things possible in a table – select from it, create index, and - most important – modify the column. You can alter the column to make NUMBER(11).
SQL> alter table mv1 modify (cnt number(11));
Table altered.
Now, create the MV again:
create materialized view mv1
on prebuilt table
never refresh as
select cast(count (1) as number(11)) cnt from t1;
That’s it. The MV is altered. The whole process took about a few seconds, and since you didn’t have to recreate the segment, you saved enormous load on the database. Here a schematic representation of what happened.
Prebuilt Table
Since under the covers the segment is the same for both MV and table, can’t you take advantage of the fact? Suppose you have a table and you now want to convert that to an MV. In other words, you want to repoint that arrow initially pointed at the table to the MV properties:
Can you do it? Yes, of course you can. Since at the segment level it is the same, Oracle allows you to do it. When you create an MV, you can use a special clause ON PREBUILT TABLE. Here is how you create a MV in the regular approach:
create materialized view mv1
never refresh as
select cast(count (1) as number(10)) cnt from t1;
If you check the objects created:
SQL> select object_id, data_object_id, object_type
2 from user_objects
3 where object_name = 'MV1';
OBJECT_ID DATA_OBJECT_ID OBJECT_TYPE
---------- -------------- -------------------
74842 74842 TABLE
74843 MATERIALIZED VIEW
So, it creates two objects – a table and an MV - anyway. Note a very important difference though: the DATA_OBJECT_ID for the MV object is null. If you drop the MV and check for the objects:
SQL> drop materialized view mv1;
Materialized View dropped.
SQL> select object_id, data_object_id, object_type
2 from user_objects
3 where object_name = 'MV1';
no rows selected
Even though there were two objects – a table and an MV, when you dropped the MV, both were dropped. The table object didn’t have an independent existence. Dropping the MV drops the table automatically.
Now, in the modified approach, you first create the table in the same name as the MV you are going to create:
SQL> create table mv1 (cnt number(10));
Next you create the MV by adding a new clause called ON PREBUILT TABLE shown below:
create materialized view mv1
on prebuilt table
never refresh
as
select cast(count (1) as number(10)) cnt from t1;
Now there will be two objects as well – one table and one MV. The MV simply took over the command over the segment but since the table already existed, it did not recreate the table object. So there are still only 2 objects.
One concern: since you created the table manually, can you accidentally drop it? Let’s see:
SQL> drop table mv1;
drop table mv1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12083: must use DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW to drop "ARUP"."MV1"
That answers it. The table simply loses its independent existence. However, see what happens when you drop the MV:
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1;
Materialized view dropped.
Now check the segment:
SQL> select segment_type
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name = 'MV1';
SEGMENT_TYPE
------------------
TABLE
The segment still exists! When you dropped the MV, the segment was not dropped; it simply reverted to being a table. You can confirm that by checking the objects view:
OBJECT_ID DATA_OBJECT_ID OBJECT_TYPE
---------- -------------- -------------------
77432 77432 TABLE
Voila! The object still exists as a table. Previously you saw dropping the MV removed all the objects and the segment. However, in this approach the segment was preserved. Since it reverted to a table, you can do all things possible in a table – select from it, create index, and - most important – modify the column. You can alter the column to make NUMBER(11).
SQL> alter table mv1 modify (cnt number(11));
Table altered.
Now, create the MV again:
create materialized view mv1
on prebuilt table
never refresh as
select cast(count (1) as number(11)) cnt from t1;
That’s it. The MV is altered. The whole process took about a few seconds, and since you didn’t have to recreate the segment, you saved enormous load on the database. Here a schematic representation of what happened.
Now you know how powerful prebuilt table option is. It only affects how you define the MV; nothing else. All other properties of the MV remain intact. The end users don’t even know about the prebuilt table option; but for the DBA it remains a powerful tool in the arsenal. As a best practice I recommend creating any MV, regardless of size, with the ON PREBUILT TABLE clause. In small tables you probably don’t see a huge advantage; but what if today’s small table grows to a large one tomorrow? It’s better to be safe than sorry.
Conversion to the New Approach
Now that you understand the power of the prebuilt option, you may be wondering how to convert the existing MVs to the new clause. Unfortunately there is no conversion path. You have to drop and recreate the MVs. That is why this time – when we are moving MVs to new tablespaces – we have the golden opportunity.
One approach is to create new tables with new names and then rename them. Here are the steps:
1. Create a table with nologging clause from the old MV
create table new_mv1
nologging
as
select * from mv1;
2. Capture the MV definition from the data dictionary:
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl ('MATERIALIZED_VIEW','MV1')
from dual ;
DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('MATERIALIZED_VIEW','MV1')
------------------------------------------------
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "ARUP"."MV1" ("CNT")
ORGANIZATION HEAP PCTFREE 10
… and so on …
3. Spool this to a file to be executed later.
4. Edit this file to place ON PREBUILT TABLE CLAUSE.
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "ARUP"."MV1" ("CNT")
ORGANIZATION HEAP ON PREBUILT TABLE PCTFREE 10
5. Take a Data Pump export with CONTENTS=METADATA_ONLY option. This creates all relevant privileges on the export dump file. Keep it aside.
6. Drop the Materialized View MV1.
7. Rename table NEW_MV1 to MV1
8. Execute the script you created earlier to recreate the MV.
9. Import the export dump file. It will recreate all the privileges.
This is slow; but the best approach since it generates minimum amount of redo and undo.
Hope this is helpful. You may look at an article I wrote http://www.dbazine.com/oracle/or-articles/nanda2 The article describes, with complete code, how to alter an MV where the refresh occurs across databases.
Conversion to the New Approach
Now that you understand the power of the prebuilt option, you may be wondering how to convert the existing MVs to the new clause. Unfortunately there is no conversion path. You have to drop and recreate the MVs. That is why this time – when we are moving MVs to new tablespaces – we have the golden opportunity.
One approach is to create new tables with new names and then rename them. Here are the steps:
1. Create a table with nologging clause from the old MV
create table new_mv1
nologging
as
select * from mv1;
2. Capture the MV definition from the data dictionary:
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl ('MATERIALIZED_VIEW','MV1')
from dual ;
DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('MATERIALIZED_VIEW','MV1')
------------------------------------------------
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "ARUP"."MV1" ("CNT")
ORGANIZATION HEAP PCTFREE 10
… and so on …
3. Spool this to a file to be executed later.
4. Edit this file to place ON PREBUILT TABLE CLAUSE.
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "ARUP"."MV1" ("CNT")
ORGANIZATION HEAP ON PREBUILT TABLE PCTFREE 10
5. Take a Data Pump export with CONTENTS=METADATA_ONLY option. This creates all relevant privileges on the export dump file. Keep it aside.
6. Drop the Materialized View MV1.
7. Rename table NEW_MV1 to MV1
8. Execute the script you created earlier to recreate the MV.
9. Import the export dump file. It will recreate all the privileges.
This is slow; but the best approach since it generates minimum amount of redo and undo.
Hope this is helpful. You may look at an article I wrote http://www.dbazine.com/oracle/or-articles/nanda2 The article describes, with complete code, how to alter an MV where the refresh occurs across databases.
