Thank you very much to all those who attended my session "Stats with Confidence". Unfortunately I was delayed by the keynote running late. With the big party coming up, I appreciate the spirit of those brave souls who stayed back. The late start didn't allow me to show the demo completely. But here are the scripts; hope you will be able to follow it along and run it on your own infrastructure.
It contains the presentation as well. Thanks for attending and hope you will find it useful.
Showing posts with label ACE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ACE. Show all posts
Friday, September 24, 2010
Sunday, September 12, 2010
A Tool to Enable Stats Collection for Future Sessions for Application Profiling
The other day I was putting together my presentation for Oracle Open World on Application Profiling in RAC. I was going to describe a methodology for putting a face to an app by measuring how it behaves in a database – a sort of a signature of that application. I was going to use the now-ubiquitous 10046 trace for wait events and other activities inside the database. For resource consumption such as redo generated, logical I/Os, etc., I used the v$sesstat; but then I was stuck. How would I collect the stats of a session when the session has not even started and I don’t know the SID. That problem led to the development of this tool where the stats of a future session can be recorded based on some identifying factors such as username, module, etc. Hope this helps in your performance management efforts.
The Problem
Suppose you want to find out the resource consumed by a session. The resources could be redo generation, CPU used, logical I/O, undo records generated – the list is endless. This is required for a lot of things. Consider a case where you want to find out which apps are generating the most redo; you would issue a query like this:
The value column will show the redo generated. From the SID you can identify the session. Your next stop is v$session to get the other relevant information such as username, module, authentication scheme, etc. Problem solved, right?
Not so fast. Look at the above query; it selects from v$sesstat. When the session is disconnected, the stats disappear, making the entries for that session go from v$sesstat. If you run the query, you will not find these sessions. You have to constantly select from the v$sesstat view to capture the stats of the sessions hoping that you would capture the stats before the session disconnects. But it will be not be guaranteed. Some short sessions will be missed in between collection samples. Even if you are lucky to capture some stats of a short session, the other relevant information from v$session will be gone.
Oracle provides a package dbms_monitor, where a procedure named client_id_stat_enable allows you to enable stats collection on a future session where the client_id matches a specific value, e.g. CLIENT1. Here is an example:
execute dbms_monitor.client_id_stat_enable('CLIENT1');
However there are three issues:
(1) It collects only about 27 stats, out of 400+
(2) It offers only three choices for selecting sessions – client_id, module_name and service_name.
(3) It aggregate them, sums up all stats for a specific client_id. That is pretty much useless without a detailed session level.
So, in short, I didn’t have a readily available solution.
Solution
Well, necessity is the mother of invention. When you can’t find a decent tool; you build it; and so did I. I built this tool to capture the stats. This is version 1 of the tool. It has some limitations, as shown at the end. These limitations do not apply to all situations; so the tool may be useful in a majority of the cases. Later I will expand the tool to overcome these limitations.
Concept
The fundamental problem, as you recall, is not the dearth of data (v$sesstat has plenty); it’s the sessions in the future. To capture those sessions, the tool relies on a post-logon database trigger to capture the values.
The second problem was persistence. V$SESSTAT is a dynamic performance view, which means the records of the session will be gone when the session disappears. So, the tool relies on a table to store the data.
The third problem is the getting the values at the very end of the session. The difference between the values captured at the end and beginning of the session are the stats. To capture the values at the very end; not anytime before, the tool relies on a pre-logoff database trigger.
The fourth challenge is identification of sessions. SID of a session is not unique; it can be reused for a new session; it will definitely be reused when the database is recycled. So, the tool uses a column named CAPTURE_ID, a sequentially incremented number for each capture. Since we capture once at the beginning and then at the end, I must use the same capture_id. I use a package variable to store that capture_Id.
Finally, the tool allows you to enable stats collections based on some session attributes such as username, client_id, module, service_name, etc. For instance you may want to enable stats for any session where the username = ‘SCOTT’ or where the os_user is ‘ananda’, etc. These preferences are stored in a table reserved for that purpose.
Construction
Now that you understand how the tool is structured, let me show the actual code and scripts to create the tool.
(1) First, we should create the table that holds the preferences. Let’s call this table RECSTATS_ENABLED. This table holds all the different sessions attributes (ip address, username, module, etc.) that can enable stats collection in a session.
If you want to enable stats collection of a session based on a session attribute, insert a record into this table with the session attribute and the value. Here are some examples. I want to collect stats on all sessions where client_info matches ‘MY_CLIENT_INFO1’. You would insert a record like this:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('CLIENT_INFO','MY_CLIENT_INFO1');
Here are some more examples. All sessions where ACTION is ‘MY_ACTION1’:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('ACTION','MY_ACTION1');
Those of user SCOTT:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('SESSION_USER','SCOTT')
Those with service name APP:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('SERVICE_NAME','APP')
You can insert as many preferences as you want. You can even insert multiple values of a specific attribute. For instance, to enable stats on sessions with service names APP1 and APP2, insert two records.
Important: the session attribute names follow the naming convention of the USERENV context used in SYS_CONTEXT function.
(2) Next, we will create a table to hold the statistics
Note, I used the tablespace USERS; because I don’t want this table, which can potentially grow to huge size, to overwhelm the system tablespace. The STATISTIC_NAME and STATISTIC_VALUE columns record the stats collected. The other columns record the other relevant data from the sessions. All the attributes here have been shown with VARCHAR2(2000) for simplicity; of course they don’t need that much of space. In the future versions, I will put a more meaningful limit; but 2000 does not hurt as it is varchar2.
The capture point will show when the values were captured – START or END of the session.
(3) We will also need a sequence to identify the sessions. Each session will have 400+ stats; we will have a set at the end and once at the beginning. We could choose SID as an identifier; but SIDs could be reused. So, we need something that is truly unique – a sequence number. This will be recorded in the CAPTURE_ID column in the stats table.
SQL> create sequence seq_recstats;
(4) To store the capture ID when the post-logon trigger is fired, to be used inside the pre-logoff trigger, we must use a variable that would be visible to entire session. A package variable is the best for that.
(5) Finally, we will go on to the meat of the tool – the triggers. First, the post-logon trigger to capture the stats in the beginning of the session:
The code is self explanatory. I have provided more explanation as comments where needed.
(6) Next, the pre-logoff trigger to capture the stats at the end of the session:
Again the code is self explanatory. We capture the stats only of the global capture ID has been set by the post-logoff trigger. If we didn’t do that all the sessions would have started recording stats at their completion.
Execution
Now that the setup is complete, let’s perform a test by connecting as a user with the service name APP:
SQL> connect arup/arup@app
In this session, perform some actions that will generate a lot of activity. The following SQL will do nicely:
SQL> create table t as select * from all_objects;
SQL> exit
Now check the RECSTATS table to see the stats on this catured_id, which happens to be 1330.
Here is the output:
This clearly shows you all the stats of that session. Of course the table recorded all other details of the session as well – such as username, client_id, etc., which are useful later for more detailed analysis. You can perform aggregations as well now. Here is an example of the stats collected for redo size:
You can disassemble the aggregates to several attributes as well. Here is an example where you want to find out the redo generated from different users coming from different client machines
Granularity like this shows you how the application from different client servers helped; not just usernames.
Limitations
As I mentioned, there are some limitations you should be aware of. I will address them in the next iterations of the tool. These are not serious and applicable in only certain cases. As long as you don’t encounter that case, you should be fine.
(1) The logoff trigger does not fire when the user exits from the session ungracefully, such as closing down the SQL*Plus window, or closing the program before exiting. In such cases the stats at the end of the session will not be recorded. In most application infrastructure it does not happen; but it could happen for adhoc user sessions such as people connecting through TOAD.
(2) The session attributes such as module, client_id and action can be altered within the session. If that is the case, this tool does not record that fact since there is no triggering event. The logoff trigger records the module, action and client_id set at that time. These attributes are not usually changed in application code; so it may not apply to your case.
(3) Parallel Query sessions will have a special issue since there will be no logoff trigger. So in case of parallel queries, you will not see any differential stats. If you don’t use PQ, as most OLTP applications do, you will not be affected.
(4) If the session just sits there without disconnecting, the logoff trigger will never fire and the stats will never be captured. Of course, it will be eventually captured when the session exits.
Once again, these limitations apply only to certain occasions. As long as you are aware of these caveats, you will be able to use this tool to profile many of your applications.
Happy Profiling!
The Problem
Suppose you want to find out the resource consumed by a session. The resources could be redo generation, CPU used, logical I/O, undo records generated – the list is endless. This is required for a lot of things. Consider a case where you want to find out which apps are generating the most redo; you would issue a query like this:
select sid, value from v$sesstat s, v$statname n where n.statistic# = s.statistic# and n.name = 'redo size' /
The value column will show the redo generated. From the SID you can identify the session. Your next stop is v$session to get the other relevant information such as username, module, authentication scheme, etc. Problem solved, right?
Not so fast. Look at the above query; it selects from v$sesstat. When the session is disconnected, the stats disappear, making the entries for that session go from v$sesstat. If you run the query, you will not find these sessions. You have to constantly select from the v$sesstat view to capture the stats of the sessions hoping that you would capture the stats before the session disconnects. But it will be not be guaranteed. Some short sessions will be missed in between collection samples. Even if you are lucky to capture some stats of a short session, the other relevant information from v$session will be gone.
Oracle provides a package dbms_monitor, where a procedure named client_id_stat_enable allows you to enable stats collection on a future session where the client_id matches a specific value, e.g. CLIENT1. Here is an example:
execute dbms_monitor.client_id_stat_enable('CLIENT1');
However there are three issues:
(1) It collects only about 27 stats, out of 400+
(2) It offers only three choices for selecting sessions – client_id, module_name and service_name.
(3) It aggregate them, sums up all stats for a specific client_id. That is pretty much useless without a detailed session level.
So, in short, I didn’t have a readily available solution.
Solution
Well, necessity is the mother of invention. When you can’t find a decent tool; you build it; and so did I. I built this tool to capture the stats. This is version 1 of the tool. It has some limitations, as shown at the end. These limitations do not apply to all situations; so the tool may be useful in a majority of the cases. Later I will expand the tool to overcome these limitations.
Concept
The fundamental problem, as you recall, is not the dearth of data (v$sesstat has plenty); it’s the sessions in the future. To capture those sessions, the tool relies on a post-logon database trigger to capture the values.
The second problem was persistence. V$SESSTAT is a dynamic performance view, which means the records of the session will be gone when the session disappears. So, the tool relies on a table to store the data.
The third problem is the getting the values at the very end of the session. The difference between the values captured at the end and beginning of the session are the stats. To capture the values at the very end; not anytime before, the tool relies on a pre-logoff database trigger.
The fourth challenge is identification of sessions. SID of a session is not unique; it can be reused for a new session; it will definitely be reused when the database is recycled. So, the tool uses a column named CAPTURE_ID, a sequentially incremented number for each capture. Since we capture once at the beginning and then at the end, I must use the same capture_id. I use a package variable to store that capture_Id.
Finally, the tool allows you to enable stats collections based on some session attributes such as username, client_id, module, service_name, etc. For instance you may want to enable stats for any session where the username = ‘SCOTT’ or where the os_user is ‘ananda’, etc. These preferences are stored in a table reserved for that purpose.
Construction
Now that you understand how the tool is structured, let me show the actual code and scripts to create the tool.
(1) First, we should create the table that holds the preferences. Let’s call this table RECSTATS_ENABLED. This table holds all the different sessions attributes (ip address, username, module, etc.) that can enable stats collection in a session.
CREATE TABLE SYS.RECSTATS_ENABLED ( SESSION_ATTRIBUTE VARCHAR2(200 BYTE), ATTRIBUTE_VALUE VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE) ) /
If you want to enable stats collection of a session based on a session attribute, insert a record into this table with the session attribute and the value. Here are some examples. I want to collect stats on all sessions where client_info matches ‘MY_CLIENT_INFO1’. You would insert a record like this:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('CLIENT_INFO','MY_CLIENT_INFO1');
Here are some more examples. All sessions where ACTION is ‘MY_ACTION1’:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('ACTION','MY_ACTION1');
Those of user SCOTT:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('SESSION_USER','SCOTT')
Those with service name APP:
insert into recstats_enabled values ('SERVICE_NAME','APP')
You can insert as many preferences as you want. You can even insert multiple values of a specific attribute. For instance, to enable stats on sessions with service names APP1 and APP2, insert two records.
Important: the session attribute names follow the naming convention of the USERENV context used in SYS_CONTEXT function.
(2) Next, we will create a table to hold the statistics
CREATE TABLE SYS.RECSTATS ( CAPTURE_ID NUMBER, CAPTURE_POINT VARCHAR2(10 BYTE), SID NUMBER, SERIAL# NUMBER, ACTION VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), CLIENT_DENTIFIER VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), CLIENT_INFO VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), CURRENT_EDITION_NAME VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), CURRENT_SCHEMA VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), CURRENT_USER VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), DATABASE_ROLE VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), HOST VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), IDENTIFICATION_TYPE VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), IP_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), ISDBA VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), MODULE VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), OS_USER VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), SERVICE_NAME VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), SESSION_USER VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), TERMINAL VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), STATISTIC_NAME VARCHAR2(2000 BYTE), STATISTIC_VALUE NUMBER; ) TABLESPACE USERS
Note, I used the tablespace USERS; because I don’t want this table, which can potentially grow to huge size, to overwhelm the system tablespace. The STATISTIC_NAME and STATISTIC_VALUE columns record the stats collected. The other columns record the other relevant data from the sessions. All the attributes here have been shown with VARCHAR2(2000) for simplicity; of course they don’t need that much of space. In the future versions, I will put a more meaningful limit; but 2000 does not hurt as it is varchar2.
The capture point will show when the values were captured – START or END of the session.
(3) We will also need a sequence to identify the sessions. Each session will have 400+ stats; we will have a set at the end and once at the beginning. We could choose SID as an identifier; but SIDs could be reused. So, we need something that is truly unique – a sequence number. This will be recorded in the CAPTURE_ID column in the stats table.
SQL> create sequence seq_recstats;
(4) To store the capture ID when the post-logon trigger is fired, to be used inside the pre-logoff trigger, we must use a variable that would be visible to entire session. A package variable is the best for that.
create or replace package pkg_recstats is g_recstats_id number; end;
(5) Finally, we will go on to the meat of the tool – the triggers. First, the post-logon trigger to capture the stats in the beginning of the session:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SYS.tr_post_logon_recstats
after logon on database
declare
l_stmt varchar2(32000);
l_attr_val recstats_enabled.attribute_value%TYPE;
l_capture_point recstats.capture_point%type := 'START';
l_matched boolean := FALSE;
begin
pkg_recstats.g_recstats_id := null;
for r in (
select session_attribute, attribute_value
from recstats_enabled
order by session_attribute
)
loop
exit when l_matched;
-- we select the userenv; but the null values may cause
-- problems in matching; so let’s use a value for NVL
-- that will never be used - !_!_!
l_stmt := 'select nvl(sys_context(''USERENV'','''||
r.session_attribute||'''),''!_!_!_!'') from dual';
execute immediate l_stmt into l_attr_val;
if l_attr_val = r.attribute_value then
-- match; we should record the stats
-- and exit the loop; since stats should
-- be recorded only for one match.
l_matched := TRUE;
select seq_recstats.nextval
into pkg_recstats.g_recstats_id
from dual;
insert into recstats
select
pkg_recstats.g_recstats_id,
l_capture_point,
sys_context('USERENV','SID'),
null,
sys_context('USERENV','ACTION'),
sys_context('USERENV','CLIENT_IDENTIFIER'),
sys_context('USERENV','CLIENT_INFO'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_EDITION_NAME'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_SCHEMA'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','DATABASE_ROLE'),
sys_context('USERENV','HOST'),
sys_context('USERENV','IDENTIFICATION_TYPE'),
sys_context('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
sys_context('USERENV','ISDBA'),
sys_context('USERENV','MODULE'),
sys_context('USERENV','OS_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','SERVICE_NAME'),
sys_context('USERENV','SESSION_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','TERMINAL'),
n.name,
s.value
from v$mystat s, v$statname n
where s.statistic# = n.statistic#;
end if;
end loop;
end;
The code is self explanatory. I have provided more explanation as comments where needed.
(6) Next, the pre-logoff trigger to capture the stats at the end of the session:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SYS.tr_pre_logoff_recstats
before logoff on database
declare
l_capture_point recstats.capture_point%type := 'END';
begin
if (pkg_recstats.g_recstats_id is not null) then
insert into recstats
select
pkg_recstats.g_recstats_id,
l_capture_point,
sys_context('USERENV','SID'),
null,
sys_context('USERENV','ACTION'),
sys_context('USERENV','CLIENT_IDENTIFIER'),
sys_context('USERENV','CLIENT_INFO'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_EDITION_NAME'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_SCHEMA'),
sys_context('USERENV','CURRENT_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','DATABASE_ROLE'),
sys_context('USERENV','HOST'),
sys_context('USERENV','IDENTIFICATION_TYPE'),
sys_context('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
sys_context('USERENV','ISDBA'),
sys_context('USERENV','MODULE'),
sys_context('USERENV','OS_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','SERVICE_NAME'),
sys_context('USERENV','SESSION_USER'),
sys_context('USERENV','TERMINAL'),
n.name,
s.value
from v$mystat s, v$statname n
where s.statistic# = n.statistic#;
commit;
end if;
end;
/
Again the code is self explanatory. We capture the stats only of the global capture ID has been set by the post-logoff trigger. If we didn’t do that all the sessions would have started recording stats at their completion.
Execution
Now that the setup is complete, let’s perform a test by connecting as a user with the service name APP:
SQL> connect arup/arup@app
In this session, perform some actions that will generate a lot of activity. The following SQL will do nicely:
SQL> create table t as select * from all_objects;
SQL> exit
Now check the RECSTATS table to see the stats on this catured_id, which happens to be 1330.
col name format a60 col value format 999,999,999 select a.statistic_name name, b.statistic_value - a.statistic_value value from recstats a, recstats b where a.capture_id = 1330 and a.capture_id = b.capture_id and a.statistic_name = b.statistic_name and a.capture_point = 'START' and b.capture_point = 'END' and (b.statistic_value - a.statistic_value) != 0 order by 2 /
Here is the output:
NAME VALUE ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------ workarea memory allocated -2 change write time 1 parse time cpu 1 table scans (long tables) 1 cursor authentications 1 sorts (memory) 1 user commits 2 opened cursors current 2 IMU Flushes 2 index scans kdiixs1 2 parse count (hard) 2 workarea executions - optimal 2 redo synch writes 2 redo synch time 3 rows fetched via callback 5 table fetch by rowid 5 parse time elapsed 5 recursive cpu usage 8 switch current to new buffer 10 cluster key scan block gets 10 cluster key scans 10 deferred (CURRENT) block cleanout applications 10 Heap Segment Array Updates 10 table scans (short tables) 12 messages sent 13 index fetch by key 15 physical read total multi block requests 15 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 18 session cursor cache hits 19 session cursor cache count 19 user calls 25 CPU used by this session 28 CPU used when call started 29 buffer is not pinned count 33 execute count 34 parse count (total) 35 opened cursors cumulative 36 physical read total IO requests 39 physical read IO requests 39 calls to get snapshot scn: kcmgss 45 non-idle wait count 67 user I/O wait time 116 non-idle wait time 120 redo ordering marks 120 calls to kcmgas 143 enqueue releases 144 enqueue requests 144 DB time 149 hot buffers moved to head of LRU 270 recursive calls 349 active txn count during cleanout 842 cleanout - number of ktugct calls 842 consistent gets - examination 879 IMU undo allocation size 968 physical reads cache prefetch 997 physical reads 1,036 physical reads cache 1,036 table scan blocks gotten 1,048 commit cleanouts 1,048 commit cleanouts successfully completed 1,048 no work - consistent read gets 1,060 redo subscn max counts 1,124 Heap Segment Array Inserts 1,905 calls to kcmgcs 2,149 consistent gets from cache (fastpath) 2,153 free buffer requested 2,182 free buffer inspected 2,244 HSC Heap Segment Block Changes 2,519 db block gets from cache (fastpath) 2,522 consistent gets 3,067 consistent gets from cache 3,067 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 3,284 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 5,589 redo entries 6,448 db block changes 9,150 db block gets 10,194 db block gets from cache 10,194 session logical reads 13,261 IMU Redo allocation size 16,076 table scan rows gotten 72,291 session uga memory 88,264 session pga memory 131,072 session uga memory max 168,956 undo change vector size 318,640 session pga memory max 589,824 physical read total bytes 8,486,912 cell physical IO interconnect bytes 8,486,912 physical read bytes 8,486,912 redo size 8,677,104
This clearly shows you all the stats of that session. Of course the table recorded all other details of the session as well – such as username, client_id, etc., which are useful later for more detailed analysis. You can perform aggregations as well now. Here is an example of the stats collected for redo size:
select session_user, sum(STATISTIC_VALUE) STVAL from recstats where STATISTIC_NAME = 'redo size' group by session_user / Output: SESSION_USER STVAL ------------ --------- ARUP 278616 APEX 4589343 … and so on …
You can disassemble the aggregates to several attributes as well. Here is an example where you want to find out the redo generated from different users coming from different client machines
select session_user, host, sum(STATISTIC_VALUE) stval from recstats where STATISTIC_NAME = 'redo size' group by session_user, host / Output: SESSION_USER HOST STVAL ------------ ----------- ------- ARUP oradba2 12356 ARUP oradba1 264567 APEX oradba2 34567 … and so on …
Granularity like this shows you how the application from different client servers helped; not just usernames.
Limitations
As I mentioned, there are some limitations you should be aware of. I will address them in the next iterations of the tool. These are not serious and applicable in only certain cases. As long as you don’t encounter that case, you should be fine.
(1) The logoff trigger does not fire when the user exits from the session ungracefully, such as closing down the SQL*Plus window, or closing the program before exiting. In such cases the stats at the end of the session will not be recorded. In most application infrastructure it does not happen; but it could happen for adhoc user sessions such as people connecting through TOAD.
(2) The session attributes such as module, client_id and action can be altered within the session. If that is the case, this tool does not record that fact since there is no triggering event. The logoff trigger records the module, action and client_id set at that time. These attributes are not usually changed in application code; so it may not apply to your case.
(3) Parallel Query sessions will have a special issue since there will be no logoff trigger. So in case of parallel queries, you will not see any differential stats. If you don’t use PQ, as most OLTP applications do, you will not be affected.
(4) If the session just sits there without disconnecting, the logoff trigger will never fire and the stats will never be captured. Of course, it will be eventually captured when the session exits.
Once again, these limitations apply only to certain occasions. As long as you are aware of these caveats, you will be able to use this tool to profile many of your applications.
Happy Profiling!
Monday, June 28, 2010
Build a Simple Firewall for Databases Using SQL Net
This article was initially published in 2003 in DBAZine.com, which has since been folded.
So, you want to set up a secured database infrastructure?
You are not alone. With the proliferation of threats from all sources — identity thefts to corporate espionage cases — and with increased legislative pressures designed to protect and serve consumer privacy, security has a taken on a new meaning and purpose. Part of the security infrastructure of an organization falls right into your lap as a DBA, since it’s your responsibility to secure the database servers from malicious entities and curious insiders.
What are your options? Firewalls are first to come to mind. Using a firewall to protect a server, and not just a database server, is not a new concept and has been around for a while. However, a firewall may be overkill in some cases. Even if a firewall is desirable, it may still have to be configured and deployed properly. The complexity in administering a firewall, not to mention the cost to acquire one, may be prohibitive. If the threat level can be reduced by proper positioning of existing firewalls, the functionality of additional ones can be created by a tool available free with Oracle Net, Node Validation. In this article, you will learn how to build a rudimentary, but effective, firewall-like setup with just Oracle Net, and nothing else.
Background
Let’s see a typical setup. Acme, Inc. has several departments — two of which are Payroll and Benefits. Each department’s database resides on a separate server. Similarly, each department’s applications run on separate servers. There are several application servers and database servers for each department. To protect the servers from unauthorized access, each database server is placed behind a firewall with ports open to communicate SQL*Net traffic only. This can be depicted in figure 1 as follows:
So, you want to set up a secured database infrastructure?
You are not alone. With the proliferation of threats from all sources — identity thefts to corporate espionage cases — and with increased legislative pressures designed to protect and serve consumer privacy, security has a taken on a new meaning and purpose. Part of the security infrastructure of an organization falls right into your lap as a DBA, since it’s your responsibility to secure the database servers from malicious entities and curious insiders.
What are your options? Firewalls are first to come to mind. Using a firewall to protect a server, and not just a database server, is not a new concept and has been around for a while. However, a firewall may be overkill in some cases. Even if a firewall is desirable, it may still have to be configured and deployed properly. The complexity in administering a firewall, not to mention the cost to acquire one, may be prohibitive. If the threat level can be reduced by proper positioning of existing firewalls, the functionality of additional ones can be created by a tool available free with Oracle Net, Node Validation. In this article, you will learn how to build a rudimentary, but effective, firewall-like setup with just Oracle Net, and nothing else.
Background
Let’s see a typical setup. Acme, Inc. has several departments — two of which are Payroll and Benefits. Each department’s database resides on a separate server. Similarly, each department’s applications run on separate servers. There are several application servers and database servers for each department. To protect the servers from unauthorized access, each database server is placed behind a firewall with ports open to communicate SQL*Net traffic only. This can be depicted in figure 1 as follows:
Figure 1: Protecting departmental database and application servers using multiple firewalls.
This scheme works. But notice how many firewalls are required and the complexity that having this number adds to the administration process. What can we do to simplify the setup? How about removing all the firewalls and having one master firewall around the servers, as in Figure 2?
Figure 2: One master firewall around all the servers.
This method protects the servers from outside attacks; however, it still leaves inside doors open. For instance, the application server PAYROLL1 can easily connect to the database server of the Benefits Department BENEFITDB1, which is certainly inappropriate. In some organizations, there could be legal requirements to prevent this type of access.
Rather than creating a maze of firewalls as in the case we noted previously, we can take advantage of the SQL*Net Node Validation to create our own firewall. We will do this using only Oracle Net, which is already installed as a part of the database install. The rest of this article will explain in detail how to accomplish this.
Objective
Our objective is to design a setup as shown in figure 3. In this network, the application servers benefits1 and benefits2 access the database on server benefitsdb1. Similarly, application servers payroll1 and payroll2 access the database on server payrolldb1. Clients should be given free access to the intended machines. Client machines shouldn’t be allowed to access the database on other departments (e.g., benefits1 and benefits2 shouldn’t be able to access the database on payrolldb1). Likewise, application servers payroll1 and payroll2 should not be allowed to access benefitsdb1.
Figure 3: One master firewall and restricting access from non-departmental clients.
Note the key difference in requirements here — we are not interested in disallowing any type of access from client machines to servers of another department. Rather, it’s enough to disable access at the Oracle level only. This type of restriction is enforced by the listener. A listener can check the IP address of the client machine and, based on certain rules, decide to allow or deny the request. This can be enabled by a facility called Valid Node Checking, available as a part of Oracle Net installation. Let’s see how this can be done.
To set up valid node checking, simply place a set of lines on a specific file on the server. In our example, the following lines are placed in the parameter file on the server payrolldb1, allowing access to servers payroll1 and payroll2.
tcp.validnode_checking = yes
tcp.invited_nodes = (payroll1, payroll2)
Where this parameter file is located depends on the Oracle version. In Oracle 8i, it’s a file named protocol.ora; in Oracle 9i, it’s called sqlnet.ora. Both these files are located in the directory specified by the environmental variable TNS_ADMIN, which defaults to $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin in UNIX or %ORACLE_HOME%\network\admin in Windows.
These parameters are self-explanatory. The first line, tcp.validnode_checking = yes, specifies that the nodes are to be validated before accepting the connection.
The second line specifies that only the clients payroll1 and payroll2 are allowed to connect to the listener. The clients are indicated by either IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.1) or the node name as shown above. The list of node names is specified by a single line separated by commas. It is important to have only one line — you shouldn’t break it up.
The values take effect only during the startup of the listener. After making the change in protocol.ora (in Oracle 8i) or sqlnet.ora (in Oracle 9i and later), stop and restart the listener. After you’ve done so, if a user, regardless of the authentication in the database or authority level, attempts to connect to the database on benefits1 from the node payroll1, he receives the error as shown below.
$ sqlplus scott/tiger@payrolldb1
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Tue Jan 2o 9:03:33 2004
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
ERROR: ORA-12537: TNS:connection closed
Enter user-name:
The error message is not very informative; it does not explicitly state the nature of the error. This error occured, however, because the connection request came from a client that is not listed as accepted. In this case, the listener simply rejected the connection originating from the node benefits1, regardless of the user. Yet the same user trying to connect from node payroll1 would succeed.
Excluded Nodes
In the previous example, we saw how to allow only a certain set of clients, and disallow all others. Similarly, you can specify the other type of rule — exclude some clients and allow all others. Say the lines in the parameter file are as follows:
tcp.validnode_checking = yes
tcp.excluded_nodes = (payroll3)
All clients but those connecting from payroll3 would be able to connect to all nodes. So, in this case, clients benefits1 and benefits2 would be able to connect to payrolldb1 in addition to clients payroll1 and payroll2. Isn’t that counter to what we wanted to achieve? Where can this exclusion be used?
In real life cases, networks are subdivided into subnetworks, and they offer adequate protection. In a particular subnet, there may be a greater number of clients needing access than the number being restricted. In such a case, it might be easier to specifically refuse access from a set of named clients, conveniently named in the tcp.excluded_nodes parameter. You can also use of this parameter to refuse access from certain machines that had been used to launch attacks in the past.
You can also mix excluded and included nodes, in which case, the invited nodes are given precedence over excluded ones. But there are three very big drawbacks to this approach.
1. There is no way to specify a wild card character in the node list. You must specify a node explicitly by its name or its IP address.
2. All excluded or invited nodes are to be specified in only one line, severely limiting your ability to specify a large number of nodes.
3. Since the validation is based on IP address or client names only and it’s relatively easy to spoof these two key pieces of identification, the system is not inherently secure.
For these reasons, mixing excluded and included nodes is not quite suitable for excluding a large list of servers from a network or subnetwork. This method can be used when the list of machines accessing the network is relatively small and the machines are in a subnetwork, behind a firewall. In such a configuration, the risk of external attacks is very slight, and the risk of unauthorized access by spoofing key identification is negligible.
Oracle Net also provides another means to develop a rudimentary firewall using a lesser known and even lesser used tool called Connection Manager. This tool is far more flexible in the setup; you can specify wildcards n-node names without restrictions such as the need to have only a single line for naming the nodes. A detailed discussion of Connection Manager with real-life examples can be found in the book Oracle Privacy Security Auditing.
Troubleshooting
Of course, things may not always proceed as smoothly as in the examples we’ve cited so far. One of the common problems you can encounter is that the exclusion may not work even though the files may be present and the parameters seem to be defined properly.
To diagnose a node checking issue you may encounter, you need to turn on tracing during the connection process. Tracing the process can be done in several levels of detail, and in this case, you should enable it for the level called support, or "16." Place the following line in the file sqlnet.ora:
trace_level_server = support
Doing this causes the connection process to write detailed information in a trace file under the directory $ORACLE_HOME/network/trace. The directory can be specified to a different value by a parameter in the file sqlnet.ora, as
trace_directory_server = /tmp
By doing this, the trace information to be written to the directory /tmp instead of the default. After setting the parameters as shown above, you should attempt the connection again. There is no need to bounce the listener. The connection attempt will create trace files named similar to svr_0.trc to be written in the proper directory. You should open this file in an editor (parts of the file are shown below).
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] Attempted load of system pfile
source /u02/oracle/product/9.2/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] Parameter source loaded successfully
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234]
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] -> PARAMETER TABLE LOAD RESULTS FOLLOW <-
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] Successful parameter table load
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] -> PARAMETER TABLE HAS THE FOLLOWING CONTENTS <-
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] tcp.validnode_checking = yes
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] trace_level_server = support
[20-JAN-2004 12:00:01:234] tcp.invited_nodes = (192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2)
[20-JAN-2004 18:27:04:484] NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH = (TNSNAMES)
[20-JAN-2004 18:27:04:484] tcp.excluded_nodes = (192.168.1.3)
[20-JAN-2004 18:27:04:484] --- PARAMETER SOURCE INFORMATION ENDS ---
These lines indicate that
1. The parameter file /u02/oracle/product/9.2/network/admin/sqlnet.ora was read by the listener.
2. The parameters were loaded successfully.
3. The contents of the parameter were read as they were mentioned.
4. The names of the excluded and invited nodes are displayed.
If the information is not as shown here, the problem be caused by the way the parameter file is written; most likely a typographical error such as a missing parenthesis. This type of error should be fixed before proceeding further along the trace file.
If the parameters are indeed loaded properly, you should next check the section of the file in which the node validity checking is done. This section looks like this:
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllt: Found tcp.invited_nodes. Now loading...
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllhs: entry
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllhs: Adding Node 192.168.1.1
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllhs: Adding Node 192.168.1.2
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllhs: exit
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvllt: exit
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] ntvlin: exit
[20-JAN-2004 12:30:45:321] nttcnp: Validnode Table IN use; err 0x0
The first line indicates that the parameter tcp.invited_nodes was found. Next, the entries in that list are read and displayed one after the other. This is the most important clue. If the addresses were written incorrectly, or the syntax were wrong, the trace files would have indicated this by not specifying the node names checked. The last line in this section shows that the ValidNode table was read and used with error code of 0x0 (in hexadecimal, equating to zero) — the table has no errors. If there were a problem in the way the valid node parameters were written in the parameter file, the trace file would have shown something different. For instance, say the parameters were written as
tcp.excluded_nodes = (192.168.1.3
Note how a parenthesis is left out, indicating a syntax problem. However, this does not affect the connection; the listener simply ignores the error and allows the connection without doing a valid node checking. Upon investigation, we would find the root of the problem in the trace file. The trace file shows the following information.
--- PARAMETER SOURCE INFORMATION FOLLOWS ---
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214] Attempted load of system pfile
source /u201/oracle/product/9.2/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214] Load contained errors 14] Error stack follows: NL-00422: premature end of file NL-00427: bad list
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214]
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214] -> PARAMETER TABLE LOAD RESULTS FOLLOW <-
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214] Some parameters may not have been loaded
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214]
See dump for parameters which loaded OK This clearly shows that the parameter file had errors that prevented the parameters from loading. Because of this, the valid node checking is turned on and in use, but there is nothing in the list of the excluded nodes as shown in the following line from the trace file:
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:03:214] nttcnp: Validnode Table IN use; err 0x0
Since the error is 0x0, no error is reported by the validity checking routine. The subsequent lines on the trace file show other valuable information. For instance this line,
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:13:211] nttbnd2addr: using host IP address: 192.168.1.1
shows that the IP address of the server to which the listener was supposed to route the connection was 192.168.1.1. If all goes well, the listener allows the client to open a connection. This is confirmed by the following line:
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:14:320] nttcon: NT layer TCP/IP connection has been established.
As the line says, the TCP/IP connection has been established. If any other problems exist, the trace file will show enough helpful information for a diagnosis.
Summary
To summarize:
- Node Validation can be used to instruct listeners to accept or reject a connection from a specific client.
- The parameter file is sqlnet.ora in Oracle 9i and protocol.ora in Oracle8i.
- The nodes must be explicitly specified by name or by IP Address; no wildcards are supported.
Sunday, September 28, 2008
Most Striking Object at Open World 08
What was the most amazing thing I witnessed for the first time at OOW 08?Hands down, it is the compostible drinking cup! Yes, compostible, not recyclable. It looks just like any other plastic (not paper) drink cup you see at almost any public water dispensers. The difference? It's made of corn syrup, I was told, not plastic and hence compostible. Wow!
I am not a green fanatic; but I consider myself a responsible adult concerned about the environment doing his share to reduce the landfills, pollutions and paper consumption. I do things that are practical: I don't print something I can read on the monitor; project emails, powerpoints on the screen/projector while conferring with colleagues rather than printing; use back sides of printouts to scribble; use 2-sided printing; donate kids' toys and cloths to charity rather than throw them in trash and so on. But there are some things I just couldn't jettison; at least not yet. One of them was the ubiquitous plastic drinking cup and the bottled water. The convenience of the water bottle was just too much to ignore and my lazy bones reigned over my conscience and I always gravitated, albeit a little guiltly, to the water bottle.
Not any more. I hope these compostible corn syrup based polymer material makes its way to all things plastic - bottles, cups, packaging and so on. The material is called polylactic acid (PLA), which is a polymer made from lactic acid from strachy produce like corn, wheat, patato and beet. However, due to its low melting point, it's not suitable for hot liquids, at least not yet. There is a compostible version - paper cups lines with PLA instea dof petroleum based products. But that's still paper; not 100% PLA.
According to a Smithsonian article, producing this PLA requires 65% less energy and emits 68% fewer greenhouse gases. Wow! That's good enough for me.
But, is it all rosy and smell nice? Well, afraid not. The biggest caveat: the PLA decomposes in a controlled composting facility, not the backyard composting bin. you need something of industrail strength - the sort used by municipalities and large industrial plants. Do they exist? Yes, for commercial use; but almost none for residential use. So, that's the catch. While the material is compostible; the facility to compost is not available.
But I am not going to look at it as glass half full. This is a major first step. Perhaps the ecological and political pressures will force the residential facilities to open up as well. Until then, let the power be with PLA.
OOW'08 Oracle 11g New Features for DBAs
It was my second session at Open World this year. It was full with 332 attendees with a whopping 277 attendees on wait list! the room capacity was 397. Of course, the room did have some fragmentation and not everyone could make it.
Here is the abstract:
There is a world outside the glittering marketing glitz surrounding Oracle 11g. In this session, a DBA and author of the popular 11g New Features series on OTN covers features that stand out in the real world and make your job easier, your actions more efficient and resilient, and so on. Learn the new features with working examples: how to use Database Replay and SQL Performance Analyzer to accurately predict the effect of changes and Recovery Manager (RMAN) Data Recovery Advisor to catch errors and corruption so new stats won't cause issues.
Thank you very much for those who decided to attend. I hope you found it useful. Here is the presentation. You can download it from the Open World site too. Please note, the companion site to see al working examples and a more detailed coverage is still my Oracle 11g New Features Series on Oracle Technology Network.
Here is the abstract:
There is a world outside the glittering marketing glitz surrounding Oracle 11g. In this session, a DBA and author of the popular 11g New Features series on OTN covers features that stand out in the real world and make your job easier, your actions more efficient and resilient, and so on. Learn the new features with working examples: how to use Database Replay and SQL Performance Analyzer to accurately predict the effect of changes and Recovery Manager (RMAN) Data Recovery Advisor to catch errors and corruption so new stats won't cause issues.
Thank you very much for those who decided to attend. I hope you found it useful. Here is the presentation. You can download it from the Open World site too. Please note, the companion site to see al working examples and a more detailed coverage is still my Oracle 11g New Features Series on Oracle Technology Network.
OOW'08 : Real Life Best Practices for DBAs
Once more, it was a full session with 278 attendees and 251 waitlisted due to lack of space! I wish the organizers simply moved to a bigger room. Oh, well!
For those who attended, I truly wish to express my gratitude. As a speaker, I feel honored when people choose to attend my session over others. I wish you found something useful here.
If you haven't already downloaded it from Open World site, here is the presentation: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_DBA.pdf.
Here is the abstract:
This session covers best practices for excelling at being a DBA in the field from someone who has been managing Oracle Database instances for 14 years; was named the DBA of the Year in 2003; and has been through it all, from modeling to performance tuning, disaster recovery, security, and beyond. Best practices should be justifiable and situation-aware, not just because someone said they were good. Hear several tips and tricks for surviving and succeeding in the part art/part wizardry of database administration. The session covers Oracle 11g.
I will highly appreciate if you post your comments.
For those who attended, I truly wish to express my gratitude. As a speaker, I feel honored when people choose to attend my session over others. I wish you found something useful here.
If you haven't already downloaded it from Open World site, here is the presentation: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_DBA.pdf.
Here is the abstract:
This session covers best practices for excelling at being a DBA in the field from someone who has been managing Oracle Database instances for 14 years; was named the DBA of the Year in 2003; and has been through it all, from modeling to performance tuning, disaster recovery, security, and beyond. Best practices should be justifiable and situation-aware, not just because someone said they were good. Hear several tips and tricks for surviving and succeeding in the part art/part wizardry of database administration. The session covers Oracle 11g.
I will highly appreciate if you post your comments.
OOW'08 Partitioning - Why, When, What and How
I had a full session (300+ in attendance with 120 wait-listed). There was a gentleman from the organizing team who was trying to let in people flow in to the room as unobtrusively as possible. He was the same one for my other two sessions (which happend to be in the same room - full and and some 100+ wait listed) and he was visibly flustered to conduct the same routine. "You must be quite popular" - he exasperated! I took it as a compliment. For those who attended, thank you for taking the time to spend with me. I truly feel honored. For those who couldn't come in, I assume you have found some other helpful session.
Here is the abstract:
How do you decide which partitioning schemes to use, which column to partition on, or whether or not to use more than one column for partitioning keys? These are questions you must answer to develop a good strategy. Too many architects and DBAs choose a wrong strategy, making partitioning a failure. In this session, you will *not* learn the syntax or types of partitioning but how to decide the best strategy, presented through real-life case studies and examples. This session covers Oracle 11g features in partitioning.
If you haven't already done so from the Oracle Open World site, you can download here: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_Part_ppt.pdf
By the way, I have also written an article on the same presentation, which you can find here: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_Part_doc.pdf
Please leave your comments on these two documents. As always, thank you visiting and offering your feedback.
Here is the abstract:
How do you decide which partitioning schemes to use, which column to partition on, or whether or not to use more than one column for partitioning keys? These are questions you must answer to develop a good strategy. Too many architects and DBAs choose a wrong strategy, making partitioning a failure. In this session, you will *not* learn the syntax or types of partitioning but how to decide the best strategy, presented through real-life case studies and examples. This session covers Oracle 11g features in partitioning.
If you haven't already done so from the Oracle Open World site, you can download here: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_Part_ppt.pdf
By the way, I have also written an article on the same presentation, which you can find here: http://www.proligence.com/OOW08_Part_doc.pdf
Please leave your comments on these two documents. As always, thank you visiting and offering your feedback.
OOW'08 ACE Directors Forum Session
Lewis Cunningham kindly took the reins of organizing a unique session - a panel of ACE Directors. But instead of a panel didcussing some topic, it welomed questions from the audience. sort of stump the chump with the questions. Lewis couldn;t have been a more perfect moderator/host. Most amazing, he came up with the idea to hand out blank index cards for the attendees to fill out with their questions, which forced the questions to be clearer.
On the panel we had Brad Brown (TUSC), Eddie Awad, Tim Hill, Mark Rittman, Hans Forbrich and your truly. Here is a coverage on Mark Rittman's blog (with a picture of the crew) http://www.rittmanmead.com/2008/09/26/oracle-open-world-2008-day-5-exadata-storage-server-and-ask-the-oracle-ace-directors/
I was nervous; and who wouldn't be, with the pressure? Fortunately, we, as a panel, with the expert moderation by Lewis, could ace the volleys. some of the questions I responded to with my answers:
On the panel we had Brad Brown (TUSC), Eddie Awad, Tim Hill, Mark Rittman, Hans Forbrich and your truly. Here is a coverage on Mark Rittman's blog (with a picture of the crew) http://www.rittmanmead.com/2008/09/26/oracle-open-world-2008-day-5-exadata-storage-server-and-ask-the-oracle-ace-directors/
I was nervous; and who wouldn't be, with the pressure? Fortunately, we, as a panel, with the expert moderation by Lewis, could ace the volleys. some of the questions I responded to with my answers:
- Q: Will Transparent Tablespace Encryption (TTE) spell the doom for Tranparent data Encryption (TDE)?
- A: Not at all. TDE encrypts a specific column or columns. TTE encrypts everything the tablespace - all tables and all columns. So, the performance definitely impacted. However, the biggest difference is the encryption in the database. Both technologies encrypt data in storage; but TTE decrypts the data in the SGA. So index scans do not suffer in case of TTE. TDE does *not* decrypt the values in SGA; so index scans are rather useless. So, in the case where a data value will most likely be found in SGA, the TTE option works well. The penalty is in the time when data is loaded from the database to the SGA. Since that happens a lot less, this will not cause a serious issue. In case data is frequently aged out of the buffer cache, the TTE option may prove expensive and TDE might become relatively attactive.
- Q: What approach would you recommend for upgrading a 10 GB database to 11g from 10g - Data Pump, Exp/Imp, Transportable Tablespace?
- A: None of the above. I would go for a Direct Path Insert (insert with the APPEND hint) over DB Link. This allows me several benefits - (i) I can do a database capture and replay it on 11g to minimize the risk of something breaking after upgrade. (ii) I can do a database reorg at the time of the move, i.e. partition unpartitioned objects, etc. (iii) have minimal time for migration.
- Q: What is your least favorite new feature in Oracle?
- A: I would rather answer it as most "unnecessary" new feature. It would be bigfile tablespaces - hands down. I always recommend creating smaller datafiles for tablespaces, no more thna 32 GB. This reduces the risk significantly in case of failures. If a block media recovery fails due to whatever reason, you can at least restore the file (or switch over to a copy) quickly. The bigger the file, the more time will be for restore and recovery. A large number of files increase the checkpoint time. so, try to find a balance. But in any case, dump bigfiles.
- Q: How has life changed for you after being an OCP?
- A: Not in the least. I have been an OCP since 8i and I finishd 9i, 10g and now 11g upgrade exams. However, no one ever bothered to ask me if I am an OCP.
Wednesday, September 24, 2008
From the Trenches at OOW'08
I had two sessions today:
(1) I signed up a Unconference session - "Practical 11g Upgrade". I signed up for this on the spot; so I didn't have any slides or time for preparation. The unconference room had a whiteboard and several markers. So, there I was - explaining our 11g upgrade process using a whiteboard. Was a lot of fun. Someday, I will try to capture the events on paper and publish as a blog.
(2) I had signed for "Meet the ACEs" event at OTN Lounge. Wasn't much of an event. It was shaowed by the much anticipated iPod Touch drawing at OTN lounge. Nope; I didn't win.
(1) I signed up a Unconference session - "Practical 11g Upgrade". I signed up for this on the spot; so I didn't have any slides or time for preparation. The unconference room had a whiteboard and several markers. So, there I was - explaining our 11g upgrade process using a whiteboard. Was a lot of fun. Someday, I will try to capture the events on paper and publish as a blog.
(2) I had signed for "Meet the ACEs" event at OTN Lounge. Wasn't much of an event. It was shaowed by the much anticipated iPod Touch drawing at OTN lounge. Nope; I didn't win.
Monday, September 01, 2008
Magic of Block Change Tracking
The other day, one of the instances of our main 3-node RAC database crashed due to an I/O error. Apparently there were many "dead paths" from the host to the SAN, which made some LUNs in the ASM diskgroup not being recognizable by the ASM instance. Why? Well, that's the topic for another blog. The point behind this one has nothing to do with the reason. All I want to convey that there was a LUN problem on one of the nodes which brought the instance down. Being RAC, the database was serviced from other two nodes - praise God for RAC! - and the users didn't notice it terribly (or, I would like to think that way).
After a few days we noticed the incremental RMAN backup taking a long time. This caused major issues - it took a long time and I/O waits went through the roof. In fact it took increasingly longer every day that passed by that unfortunate collapse of the node. Everyone was quite intrigued - what could be the connection between an instance crash and instance crashing? All sorts of theories cropped up - from failed HBA cards to undiscovered RAC bugs.
This is where I got involved. The following chronicles the diagnosis of the issue and the resolution.
First, the increased length of time is obviously a result of the incemental backups doing more work, i.e. more changed blocks. What caused so many changed blocks? Interviews with stakeholdrs yielded no clear answer - there was absolutely no reason for increased activity. Since we are doing proper research, I decided to start with the facts. How much was the extra blocks processed by incrementals?
I started with this simple query:
select completion_time, datafile_blocks, blocks_read, blocks
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
Output:
COMPLETIO DATAFILE_BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ BLOCKS
--------- --------------- ----------- ----------
18-JUL-08 524288 32023 31713
19-JUL-08 524288 11652 10960
20-JUL-08 524288 524288 12764
21-JUL-08 524288 524288 5612
22-JUL-08 524288 524288 11089
The columns are:
DATAFILE_BLOCKS - the number of blocks in the datafile at that time
BLOCKS_READ - the exact number of blocks the RMAN incremental backup read
BLOCKS - the numberof blocks it actually backed up
From the above output, a pattern emerges - until Jul 20th, the backup read only a few blocks; but on July 20th, it started scanning the entire file - all the blocks! I checked for a few other datafiles and the story is the same everywhere. With a 4.5 TB database, if the incremental backup reads the datafiles in entirity, then I/O would obviously go for a toss. That explains the I/O and time issue.
But why did RMAN switch from reading a few blocks to the whole file that day? The #1 suspect is Block Change Tracking. The 10g feature BCT allows RMAN to scan only the changed blocks and not the entire file. We use that. So, did something happen to make that disappear?
to answer, I issued a modified query:
select completion_time, datafile_blocks, blocks_read, blocks, used_change_tracking
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
Output:
COMPLETIO DATAFILE_BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ BLOCKS USE
--------- --------------- ----------- ---------- ---
18-JUL-08 524288 32023 31713 YES
19-JUL-08 524288 11652 10960 YES
20-JUL-08 524288 524288 12764 NO
21-JUL-08 524288 524288 5612 NO
22-JUL-08 524288 524288 11089 NO
Bingo! The BCT use ceased from the 20th July date. That was what caused the whole file to be scanned. But why was it stopped? No one actually stopped it.
Investigating even further, I found from the alert log of Node 1:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:52 2008
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR in another instance, disabling change tracking
Block change tracking service stopping.
From Node 2:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:51 2008
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR in another instance, disabling change tracking
Block change tracking service stopping.
Alert log of Node 3 showed the issue:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:50 2008
Unexpected communication failure with ASM instance:
ORA-12549: TNS:operating system resource quota exceeded
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR 19755, disabling change tracking
Sun Jul 20 00:23:50 2008
Errors in file /xxx/oracle/admin/XXXX/bdump/xxx3_ctwr_20729.trc:
ORA-19755: could not open change tracking file
ORA-19750: change tracking file: '+DG1/change_tracking.dbf'
ORA-17503: ksfdopn:2 Failed to open file +DG1/change_tracking.dbf
ORA-12549: TNS:operating system resource quota exceeded
Block change tracking service stopping.
The last message shows the true error. The error was “operating system resource quota exceeded”, making the diskgroup unavailable. Since the ASM diskgroup was down, all the files were also not available, including BCT file. Surprisingly, Oracle decided to stop BCT altogether rather than report it as a problem and let the user decide the next steps. So block change tracking was silently disabled and the DBAs didn't get a hint of that. Ouch!
Resolution
Well, now that we discovered the issue, we took the necessary steps to correct it. Because of the usual change control process, it took some time to have the change approved and put in place. We executed the following to put the BCT file.
alter database enable block change tracking using file '+DG1/change_tracking.dbf'
The entry in alert log confirms it (all all nodes)
Block change tracking file is current.
But this does not solve the issue completely. to use block change tracking, there has to be a baseline, which is generally a full backup. We never take a full backup. We always take an incremental image copy and then merge to a full backup on a separate location. So, the first order of business was to take a full backup. After that we immediately took an incremental. It took just about an hour, down from some 18+ hours earlier.
Here is some analysis. Looking at the backup of just one file - file#1, i.e. SYSTEM datafile:
select COMPLETION_TIME, USED_CHANGE_TRACKING, BLOCKS, BLOCKS_READ
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
The output:
COMPLETIO USE BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ
--------- --- ---------- -----------
18-AUG-08 NO 31713 524288
18-AUG-08 NO 10960 524288
20-AUG-08 NO 12764 524288
21-AUG-08 NO 5612 524288
22-AUG-08 NO 11089 524288
23-AUG-08 NO 8217 524288
23-AUG-08 NO 8025 524288
25-AUG-08 NO 3230 524288
26-AUG-08 NO 6629 524288
27-AUG-08 NO 11094 524288 <= the filesize was increased 28-AUG-08 NO 3608 786432 29-AUG-08 NO 8199 786432 29-AUG-08 NO 12893 786432 31-AUG-08 YES 1798 6055 01-SEP-08 YES 7664 35411
Columns descriptions:
USE - was Block Change Tracking used?
BLOCKS - the number of blocks backed up
BLOCKS_READ - the number of blocks read by the backup
Note, when the BCT was not used, the *entire* file - 524288 blocks - were
being read every time. Of course only a percent of that was being backed up
since that percentage changed; but the whole file was being checked.
After BCT, note how the "blocks read" number dropped dramatically. That is
the magic behind the dropped time.
I wanted to find out exactly how much I/O savings BCT was bringing us. A simple query would show that:
select sum(BLOCKS_READ)/sum(DATAFILE_BLOCKS)
from v$backup_datafile
where USED_CHANGE_TRACKING = 'YES'
/
The output:
.09581342
That's just 9.58%. After BCT, only 9.58% of the blocks of the datafiles were scanned! Consider the impact of that. Before BCT, the entire file was scanned for changed blocks. After BCT, only about 9.58% of the blocks were scanned for changed blocks. Just 9.58%. How sweet is that?!!!
Here are three representative files:
File# Blocks Read Actual # of blocks Pct Read
----- ------------- ------------------- --------
985 109 1254400 .009
986 1 786432 .000
987 1 1048576 .000
Note, files 986 and 987 were virtually unread (only one block was read). Before BCT, all the 1048576 blocks were read; after BCT only 1 was. This makes perfect sense. These files are essentially older data; so nothing changes there. RMAN incremental is now blazing fast because it scans less than 10% of the blocks. The I/O problem disappered too, making the database performance even better.
So, we started with some random I/O issue, causing a node failure, which led to increased time for incremental, which was tracjed down to a block change tracking file being suspended by Oracle silently without raising an error.
Takeaways:
The single biggest takeway you should get is that just because it is defined, don't get the idea it is going to be there. So, a periodic check for the BCT file is a must. I will work on developing an automated tool to check for non-use of BCT file. The tool will essentially issue:
SELECT count(1)
FROM v$backup_datafile
where USED_CHANGE_TRACKING = 'NO'
/
If the output is >1, then an alert should be issued. Material for the next blog. Thanks for reading.
After a few days we noticed the incremental RMAN backup taking a long time. This caused major issues - it took a long time and I/O waits went through the roof. In fact it took increasingly longer every day that passed by that unfortunate collapse of the node. Everyone was quite intrigued - what could be the connection between an instance crash and instance crashing? All sorts of theories cropped up - from failed HBA cards to undiscovered RAC bugs.
This is where I got involved. The following chronicles the diagnosis of the issue and the resolution.
First, the increased length of time is obviously a result of the incemental backups doing more work, i.e. more changed blocks. What caused so many changed blocks? Interviews with stakeholdrs yielded no clear answer - there was absolutely no reason for increased activity. Since we are doing proper research, I decided to start with the facts. How much was the extra blocks processed by incrementals?
I started with this simple query:
select completion_time, datafile_blocks, blocks_read, blocks
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
Output:
COMPLETIO DATAFILE_BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ BLOCKS
--------- --------------- ----------- ----------
18-JUL-08 524288 32023 31713
19-JUL-08 524288 11652 10960
20-JUL-08 524288 524288 12764
21-JUL-08 524288 524288 5612
22-JUL-08 524288 524288 11089
The columns are:
DATAFILE_BLOCKS - the number of blocks in the datafile at that time
BLOCKS_READ - the exact number of blocks the RMAN incremental backup read
BLOCKS - the numberof blocks it actually backed up
From the above output, a pattern emerges - until Jul 20th, the backup read only a few blocks; but on July 20th, it started scanning the entire file - all the blocks! I checked for a few other datafiles and the story is the same everywhere. With a 4.5 TB database, if the incremental backup reads the datafiles in entirity, then I/O would obviously go for a toss. That explains the I/O and time issue.
But why did RMAN switch from reading a few blocks to the whole file that day? The #1 suspect is Block Change Tracking. The 10g feature BCT allows RMAN to scan only the changed blocks and not the entire file. We use that. So, did something happen to make that disappear?
to answer, I issued a modified query:
select completion_time, datafile_blocks, blocks_read, blocks, used_change_tracking
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
Output:
COMPLETIO DATAFILE_BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ BLOCKS USE
--------- --------------- ----------- ---------- ---
18-JUL-08 524288 32023 31713 YES
19-JUL-08 524288 11652 10960 YES
20-JUL-08 524288 524288 12764 NO
21-JUL-08 524288 524288 5612 NO
22-JUL-08 524288 524288 11089 NO
Bingo! The BCT use ceased from the 20th July date. That was what caused the whole file to be scanned. But why was it stopped? No one actually stopped it.
Investigating even further, I found from the alert log of Node 1:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:52 2008
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR in another instance, disabling change tracking
Block change tracking service stopping.
From Node 2:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:51 2008
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR in another instance, disabling change tracking
Block change tracking service stopping.
Alert log of Node 3 showed the issue:
Sun Jul 20 00:23:50 2008
Unexpected communication failure with ASM instance:
ORA-12549: TNS:operating system resource quota exceeded
CHANGE TRACKING ERROR 19755, disabling change tracking
Sun Jul 20 00:23:50 2008
Errors in file /xxx/oracle/admin/XXXX/bdump/xxx3_ctwr_20729.trc:
ORA-19755: could not open change tracking file
ORA-19750: change tracking file: '+DG1/change_tracking.dbf'
ORA-17503: ksfdopn:2 Failed to open file +DG1/change_tracking.dbf
ORA-12549: TNS:operating system resource quota exceeded
Block change tracking service stopping.
The last message shows the true error. The error was “operating system resource quota exceeded”, making the diskgroup unavailable. Since the ASM diskgroup was down, all the files were also not available, including BCT file. Surprisingly, Oracle decided to stop BCT altogether rather than report it as a problem and let the user decide the next steps. So block change tracking was silently disabled and the DBAs didn't get a hint of that. Ouch!
Resolution
Well, now that we discovered the issue, we took the necessary steps to correct it. Because of the usual change control process, it took some time to have the change approved and put in place. We executed the following to put the BCT file.
alter database enable block change tracking using file '+DG1/change_tracking.dbf'
The entry in alert log confirms it (all all nodes)
Block change tracking file is current.
But this does not solve the issue completely. to use block change tracking, there has to be a baseline, which is generally a full backup. We never take a full backup. We always take an incremental image copy and then merge to a full backup on a separate location. So, the first order of business was to take a full backup. After that we immediately took an incremental. It took just about an hour, down from some 18+ hours earlier.
Here is some analysis. Looking at the backup of just one file - file#1, i.e. SYSTEM datafile:
select COMPLETION_TIME, USED_CHANGE_TRACKING, BLOCKS, BLOCKS_READ
from v$backup_datafile
where file# = 1
order by 1
/
The output:
COMPLETIO USE BLOCKS BLOCKS_READ
--------- --- ---------- -----------
18-AUG-08 NO 31713 524288
18-AUG-08 NO 10960 524288
20-AUG-08 NO 12764 524288
21-AUG-08 NO 5612 524288
22-AUG-08 NO 11089 524288
23-AUG-08 NO 8217 524288
23-AUG-08 NO 8025 524288
25-AUG-08 NO 3230 524288
26-AUG-08 NO 6629 524288
27-AUG-08 NO 11094 524288 <= the filesize was increased 28-AUG-08 NO 3608 786432 29-AUG-08 NO 8199 786432 29-AUG-08 NO 12893 786432 31-AUG-08 YES 1798 6055 01-SEP-08 YES 7664 35411
Columns descriptions:
USE - was Block Change Tracking used?
BLOCKS - the number of blocks backed up
BLOCKS_READ - the number of blocks read by the backup
Note, when the BCT was not used, the *entire* file - 524288 blocks - were
being read every time. Of course only a percent of that was being backed up
since that percentage changed; but the whole file was being checked.
After BCT, note how the "blocks read" number dropped dramatically. That is
the magic behind the dropped time.
I wanted to find out exactly how much I/O savings BCT was bringing us. A simple query would show that:
select sum(BLOCKS_READ)/sum(DATAFILE_BLOCKS)
from v$backup_datafile
where USED_CHANGE_TRACKING = 'YES'
/
The output:
.09581342
That's just 9.58%. After BCT, only 9.58% of the blocks of the datafiles were scanned! Consider the impact of that. Before BCT, the entire file was scanned for changed blocks. After BCT, only about 9.58% of the blocks were scanned for changed blocks. Just 9.58%. How sweet is that?!!!
Here are three representative files:
File# Blocks Read Actual # of blocks Pct Read
----- ------------- ------------------- --------
985 109 1254400 .009
986 1 786432 .000
987 1 1048576 .000
Note, files 986 and 987 were virtually unread (only one block was read). Before BCT, all the 1048576 blocks were read; after BCT only 1 was. This makes perfect sense. These files are essentially older data; so nothing changes there. RMAN incremental is now blazing fast because it scans less than 10% of the blocks. The I/O problem disappered too, making the database performance even better.
So, we started with some random I/O issue, causing a node failure, which led to increased time for incremental, which was tracjed down to a block change tracking file being suspended by Oracle silently without raising an error.
Takeaways:
The single biggest takeway you should get is that just because it is defined, don't get the idea it is going to be there. So, a periodic check for the BCT file is a must. I will work on developing an automated tool to check for non-use of BCT file. The tool will essentially issue:
SELECT count(1)
FROM v$backup_datafile
where USED_CHANGE_TRACKING = 'NO'
/
If the output is >1, then an alert should be issued. Material for the next blog. Thanks for reading.
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
My Little World in Open World
Oracle Open World is coming up in just two months ... actually sooner. It will be quite active for me.
First, I am sharing the stage with a panel with some very distinguished folks - Lewis Cunningham, Eddie Awad, Mark Rittman, Tim Hall, Hans Forbich, Rich Niemiec, and Bradley Brown. This is a real session - S300480 "Oracle ACE Director Birds-of-a-Feather Tips and Techniques" but the format is free question and answer session.
On one hand I feel deeply honored and thrilled to be on the same forum that reads like a who's who in the Oracle community. But on the other hand, the abstract says "Attendees are encouraged to submit their hardest questions in a game of Stump the Chump" Huh? Anyway, it's going to be thrilling nonetheless! Come see us at 10:30 AM on Sep 25th Room 301 Moscone South.
Then, I have three sessions, yes three! All three were selected by user voting in Oracle Mix.
First, I am sharing the stage with a panel with some very distinguished folks - Lewis Cunningham, Eddie Awad, Mark Rittman, Tim Hall, Hans Forbich, Rich Niemiec, and Bradley Brown. This is a real session - S300480 "Oracle ACE Director Birds-of-a-Feather Tips and Techniques" but the format is free question and answer session.
On one hand I feel deeply honored and thrilled to be on the same forum that reads like a who's who in the Oracle community. But on the other hand, the abstract says "Attendees are encouraged to submit their hardest questions in a game of Stump the Chump" Huh? Anyway, it's going to be thrilling nonetheless! Come see us at 10:30 AM on Sep 25th Room 301 Moscone South.
Then, I have three sessions, yes three! All three were selected by user voting in Oracle Mix.
- Tue the 23rd at 5:00 PM: Real World Best Practices for DBAs (S301683) Room 236 Moscone South
- Wed the 24th at 5:00 PM: 11g New Features for DBAs (S301684) Room 236 Moscone South
- Thu the 25th at 12:00 noon: Partitioning: When, Which and How (S301710) Room 200 Moscone South
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